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|common_name = Peru |image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg |image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg |image_map = Peru (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = "Firme y feliz por la unión" (Spanish) "Firm and Happy for the Union" |national_anthem = |other_symbol_type = National seal: |other_symbol = |languages_type = Official languagesa |languages = |demonym = Peruvian |ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = 2013〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Ethnic groups of Perú )〕 |capital = Lima |latd=12 |latm=2.6 |latNS=S |longd=77 |longm=1.7 |longEW=W |largest_city = Lima |government_type = Unitary presidential constitutional republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Ollanta Humala |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Pedro Cateriano |legislature = Congress |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = 28 July 1821 |established_event2 = Consolidated |established_date2 = 9 December 1824 |established_event3 = Recognized |established_date3 = 2 May 1866 |area_rank = 20th |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 1,285,216 |area_sq_mi = 496,225 |percent_water = 0.41 |population_estimate = 31,151,643 |population_estimate_rank = 41st |population_estimate_year = 2015 |population_census = 28,220,764 |population_census_year = 2007 |population_density_km2 = 23 |population_density_sq_mi = 57 |population_density_rank = 191st |GDP_PPP = $403.322 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Peru )〕 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,638〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $217.607 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,819〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = decrease |Gini = 44.7 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gini Index )〕 |Gini_rank = 35th |HDI_year = 2014 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.737 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 82nd |currency = Nuevo sol |currency_code = PEN |time_zone = PET |date_format = dd.mm.yyyy (CE) |utc_offset = −5 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +51 |cctld = .pe |footnote_a = Quechua, Aymara and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they predominate. }} Peru (; (:peˈɾu); (ケチュア語:Piruw) (:pɪɾʊw);〔Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament (website ) and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution ()), but common Quechua name is ''Piruw''〕 (アイマラ語:Piruw) ), officially the Republic of Peru (), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.〔Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ed.):(Perú: País megaviverso )〕 Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, which included most of its South American colonies. Ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence. After achieving independence, the country remained in recession and kept a low military profile until an economic rise based on the extraction of raw and maritime materials struck the country, which ended shortly before the war of the Pacific. Subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 25.8 percent.〔(UN: Peru Posts One of Region’s Best Reductions in Poverty in 2011 ). Andean Air Mail and Peruvian Times, 28 November 2012.〕 Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing. The Peruvian population, estimated at 30.4 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. == Etymology == The name of the country may be derived from ''Birú'', the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century.〔Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''El nombre del Perú''. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.〕 When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans.〔Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 84.〕 Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated ''Birú'' or ''Perú''.〔Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 86.〕 An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess and a conquistador. He said the name ''Birú'' was that of a common Indian happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor Pedro Arias de Ávila, and went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language.〔Vega, Garcilasco, ''Commentarios Reales de los Incas'', Editoriial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp.14-15. First published in Lisbon in 1609.〕 The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 ''Capitulación de Toledo'', which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru.〔Raúl Porras Barrenechea, ''El nombre del Perú'', p. 87.〕 Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peru」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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